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A bit late seeing this one...not sure how I missed it...
ALL tanks--fuel, water and waste holding--MUST be vented. Fuel and waste tanks MUST be vented to the outside of the hull. Water tanks should be...who wants foul bilge odors to "flavor" your water...but not required.
The tank vent serves two functions: 1. it provides an escape route for air displaced by incoming water, waste or fuel...without a vent, the tank would become pressurized, preventing anything from being pumped or flushed into it...which means you can't fill a water or fuel tank, and continuing to flush a toilet can cause an eruption or even worse, a cracked tank. 2. It provides a source of air to replace contents as they're drawn out. Without a vent, the fuel pump, water pump or pumpout will pull a vacuum that prevents anything from being drawn out of the tank once what little air in the tank is exhausted.
So if you can pump out the tank and/or flush the toilet without any backup--and there's odor each time you flush, the tank has to be vented somehow. If there's a hole in the cap of the deck pumpout fitting, the vent very well may be teed into the pumpout line (which is a BAD way to do it!). You're gonna have figure out to get your body to bend enough (I'm old enough to appreciate that challenge!) to figure out exactly what you do have...and then most likely re-route it to a thru-hull fitting (which you'll also have to install).
Yes...oxygen is the key to odor elimination. When organic matter breaks down anaerobically (without oxygen), it converts to sulphurous gasses that stink...but when it breaks down aerobically (oxygenated), it converts to CO2, which is odorless. So the more ventilation to the tank, the better. However, depending on the size and location of the tank, it may not be possible to provide enough oxygen to the tank via the vent(s) to keep the contents aerobic...in which case, aerating the tank contents may be the best answer.
However, the tank is rarely the source of odor INSIDE the boat...because unless it's leaking, odor from inside the tank has only one place to go: out the tank vent. So if you're trying to find the source of odor inside your boat, the first place to look is the hoses...sanitation hoses can become permeated with odor. Replacement is the only cure. If the boat is in salt water, stagnant sea water trapped in the head intake is another source of odor...but usually goes away once the stagnant water is flushed out when you come aboard again.
"Vents can be a tricky subject. Depending on size and location, the odor will escape out the vent, but improperly placed/sized, may offend neighbors, or come back in the cabin."
Only if tank contents stink...and assuming that tank contents HAVE to stink is a false premise...they don't have to...in fact, can be made completely odorless. Unfortunately, few boat builders bother to give any thought to actually designing a sanitation SYSTEM...they just drop components--toilet, tank, treatment device--into any empty space and run hoses wherever they have to to connect it all up. Or they start from that false premise, and in their efforts to keep odors away from people, do things that actually create MORE odor. But builders aren't the only ones...the K.I.S.S design in woodboat's _link_ is a great e example of how NOT to install a holding tank!
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